In Cr Ni austenitic stainless steel, the manganese content generally does not exceed 2%, and is mostly controlled at 1.5% in production. In the later development of nickel stainless steel, manganese becomes an important alloy element, which mainly forms stable austenite with nitrogen and a certain amount of nickel.

Carbon in austenitic stainless steel is an element that strongly stabilizes austenite and expands the austenite zone. The carbon gap is dissolved in austenite, and the strength of austenite can be significantly improved through solution strengthening.

Various industries report that some manufacturers have planned to cut production capacity due to the soaring cost of energy and raw materials. In the next year or two, European industrial manufacturing may not be able to meet the original demand.

Rockwell hardness Use diamond cone or quenched steel ball indenter to press the indenter into the material surface under the action of test pressure F. After holding for a specified time, remove the main test force and maintain the initial test force. Calculate the hardness value with the residual indentation depth increment. During actual measurement, the Rockwell hardness value can be directly read out through the dial of the testing machine. Indenter: a cone with a cone angle equal to 120 °, or a quenched steel ball with a diameter of D=1.588mm.